أجريت دراسة لحصر وتعريف الفطريات المسببة لمرض ذبول الزيتون والنيماتودا الممرضة الموجودة في التربة المحيطة بجذور أشجار الزيتون في مسلاته، والخمس، والقره بوللى، وترهونة بالمنطقة الغربية من ليبيا. تم اختبار القابلية للإصابة لأربعة أصناف من الزيتون وهي: جبوجى وقرقاشى (صنفان محليان) وفرانتويو وكوارتينا (صنفان ايطاليان)، وذلك باستخدام معلق الابواغ لفطر Phialophora cyclaminis وفطر Verticillium dahliae بالتركيزات التالية: 1.4 X 610، 1.4 X 710، 1.4 X 810 بوغاً /مل. كما اختبر التأثير المشترك لنيماتودا تعقد الجذور. Meloidogyne spp مع كل من الفطرين على حدة على شتلات زيتون من صنف فرانتويو باستخدام معلق أبواغ بتركيز 1.4 X 710 بوغاً /مل، ومعلق (بيض نيماتودا + طور الحدث الثاني) بتركيز 600/ مل مع اختلاف في توقيت إضافة اللقاح وأسبقية نوع اللقاح المضاف.بينت نتائج حصر وتعريف الفطريات المسببة لمرض ذبول الزيتون بناءً على عزلات من الجذور وجود الفطرين P. cyclaminis و V. dahliae في منطقة الخمس، بينما لوحظ وجود الفطر P. cyclaminis فقط بمنطقة ترهونة، في حين لم يتم عزل أي من الفطرين من مسلاته أوالقره بوللى. أما بالنسبة للنيماتودا الممرضة للنبات الموجودة في محيط الجذور لأشجار الزيتون فقد تم التعرف على ستة عشر جنساً مع اختلاف توزيعها وأعدادها في مواقع مناطق الدراسة: Criconemoides spp. Ditylenchus spp.، Gracilacus spp.، Helicotylenchus spp.، Heterodera spp، Longidorus spp.، Meloidogyne spp. Paratrichodorus spp،Paratylenchus spp. ،Pratylenchus spp. ،Rotylenchus spp.، Trichodorus spp. ،Tylenchorhynchus spp. ، Tylenchulus spp.، Tylenchus spp.، Xiphinema spp. Abstract A study was carried out to isolate and identify olive wilt-causing fungi, and phytopathogenic nematodes in the rhizosphere of olive trees in Msellata, Khoms, Garabulli, and Tarhouna, in the western region of Libya. Susceptibility of four cultivars of, namely Jabbuji, Gergashi (local cultivars), Frantoio, and Coratena (Italian cultivars) to infection with Phialophora cyclaminis, and Verticillium dahliae was tested using spore suspension of 1.4 x 106 , 1.4 x 107 and 1.4 x 108 spore/ml. The combined effect of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. and P. cyclaminis and V. dahliae was also tested on olive seedlings (cv. Frantoio) using a spore suspension of 1.4 x 107 spore/ml, and nematode suspension of (eggs+J2) at 600/ml. The order of adding of either inoculum and its timing was different. Data regarding olive wilt-causing fungi based on isolations from the roots indicated the presence of both P. cyclaminis and V. dahliae in Khoms, and only P. cyclaminis in Tarhouna. None of the two fungi was isolated from Msellata or Garabulli. Regarding phytophathogenic nematodes present in the rhizosphere of olive trees in the areas of the study, the pollowing genera were detected, though their distribution and densities were variable:Criconemoides spp., Ditylenchus spp., Gracilacus spp., Helicotylenchus spp., Heterodera spp., Longidorus spp., Meloidogyne spp., Paratrichodorus spp., Paratylenchus spp., Pratylenchus spp., Rotylenchus spp., Trichodorus spp., Tylenchoryhynchus spp., Tylenchulus spp., Tylenchus spp. and Xiphinema spp.
عمر عمران عمر البي (2008)

Soil ecosystem services (ES) (e.g., provisioning, regulation/maintenance, and cultural) and ecosystem disservices (ED) are dependent on soil diversity/pedodiversity (variability of soils), which needs to be accounted for in the economic analysis and business decision-making. The concept of pedodiversity (biotic + abiotic) is highly complex and can be broadly interpreted because it is formed from the interaction of atmospheric diversity (abiotic + biotic), biodiversity (biotic), hydrodiversity (abiotic + biotic), and lithodiversity (abiotic) within ecosphere and anthroposphere. Pedodiversity is influenced by intrinsic (within the soil) and extrinsic (outside soil) factors, which are also relevant to ES/ED. Pedodiversity concepts and measures may need to be adapted to the ES framework and business applications. Currently, there are four main approaches to analyze pedodiversity: taxonomic (diversity of soil classes), genetic (diversity of genetic horizons), parametric (diversity of soil properties), and functional (soil behavior under different uses). The objective of this article is to illustrate the application of pedodiversity concepts and measures to value ES/ED with examples based on the contiguous United States (U.S.), its administrative units, and the systems of soil classification (e.g., U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Soil Taxonomy, Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) Database). This study is based on a combination of original research and literature review examples. Taxonomic pedodiversity in the contiguous U.S. exhibits high soil diversity, with 11 soil orders, 65 suborders, 317 great groups, 2026 subgroups, and 19,602 series. The ranking of “soil order abundance” (area of each soil order within the U.S.) expressed as the proportion of the total area is: (1) Mollisols (27%), (2) Alfisols (17%), (3) Entisols (14%), (4) Inceptisols and Aridisols (11% each), (5) Spodosols (3%), (6) Vertisols (2%), and (7) Histosols and Andisols (1% each). Taxonomic, genetic, parametric, and functional pedodiversity are an essential context for analyzing, interpreting, and reporting ES/ED within the ES framework. Although each approach can be used separately, three of these approaches (genetic, parametric, and functional) fall within the “umbrella” of taxonomic pedodiversity, which separates soils based on properties important to potential use. Extrinsic factors play a major role in pedodiversity and should be accounted for in ES/ED valuation based on various databases (e.g., National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) databases). Pedodiversity is crucial in identifying soil capacity (pedocapacity) and “hotspots” of ES/ED as part of business decision making to provide more sustainable use of soil resources. Pedodiversity is not a static construct but is highly dynamic, and various human activities (e.g., agriculture, urbanization) can lead to soil degradation and even soil extinction. arabic 7 English 46
Elena A. Mikhailova , Hamdi A. Zurqani , Christopher J. Post , Mark A. Schlautman, Gregory C. Post (3-2021)

The goal of this study is to investigate groundwater contamination from sewage disposal lake in Enjela area. In the study, twenty nine wells are assigned in seven sectors surrounding the sewage disposal area. The wells cover around 77 square kilometres. During this study, field and laboratory measurements are conducted. The field measurements include determining the location of wells related to the lagoon and the water depth related to mean sea level. The laboratory measurements include chemical and biological analyses for samples collected from the wells and sewage lagoon. Chemical analyses include determination of pH, EC, TDS, K+ , Na+ , Ca2+, Mg2+ , NO3 ˉ , PO4 3- , HCO3ˉ, and Clˉ. The indicators of biological contamination included coliform bacteria, COD, and BOD. According to the conducted analyses and measurements, the following results can be summarized. The study area is distinguished by the natural groundwater movement in the northeast direction. Concerning the chemical pollution, most of the wells are contaminated by potassium especially in the vicinity of sewage lagoon. For biological contamination, the wells are highly contaminated except those are far from lagoon. Due to its location and according to Simpson ratio, the groundwater in the study area is affected by seawater intrusion. Finally, based on this study, some recommendations are listed that might minimize the effect of this pollution if they are implemented. Keywords: Groundwater, aquifer, sewage water, chemical contamination, biological contamination
Ahmed Ibrahim Ekhmaj, Ahmed Abolaid Ganfoud, Nuri Masoud. Elshebani, , (1-2021)