In the period 2013–2015, wild dusky grouper, Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe), caught in Libyan coastal waters and ranging in size from 42 to 92 cm in total length, were observed to have distinctive skin lesions of unknown aetiology. Histopathologically, the lesions comprised a multifocal, unilateral or bilateral dermatitis, involving the epidermis, superficial dermis and scale pockets, and sometimes, in severe cases, the hypodermis. Severe lesions had marked epidermal spongiosis progressing to ulceration. Healing was observed in some fish. Bacteria and fungi could be isolated from severe lesions, although they were not seen histopathologically in early‐stage lesions. By contrast, metazoan parasite eggs were observed in the dermis and epidermis of some fish with mild and moderate dermatitis. Unidentified gravid digenean trematode parasites carrying similar eggs were also seen within the blood vessels of the deep and superficial dermis. The cause of this distinctive condition, termed dusky grouper dermatitis (DGD), and its potential impact upon already threatened Mediterranean wild dusky grouper populations and upon cultured grouper more widely have yet to be established.
Jamila taher ahmed rizgalla(5-2016)

The social media network Facebook™ was used to gather information on the occurrence and geographical distribution of dusky grouper dermatitis, a skin lesion affecting the dusky grouper, Epinephelus marginatus. Dusky grouper are common targets for spear fishermen in the Mediterranean and by monitoring spearfishing activity in Libyan waters, it was possible to document skin lesions from their entries on Facebook. Thirty-two Facebook accounts and 8 Facebook groups posting from 23 Libyan coastal cities provided a retrospective observational data set comprising a total of 382 images of dusky grouper caught by spearfishing between December 2011 and December 2015. Skin lesions were observable on 57/362 fish, for which images were of sufficient quality for analysis, giving a minimal prevalence for lesions of 15.75%. Only dusky grouper exceeding an estimated 40 cm total length exhibited lesions. The ability to collect useful data about the occurrence and geographical distribution of pathological conditions affecting wild fish using social media networks demonstrates their potential utility as a tool to support epidemiological studies and monitor the health of populations of aquatic animals. To our knowledge, this represents the first time that such an approach has been applied for assessing health in a wild population
Jamila taher ahmed rizgalla(1-2017)

Abstract: Emissions of gases from industrial activities and even from agriculture activities and from soil as releasing of nitrogen from soils to atmosphere have been increasing steadily therefore, acid rain is the concern throughout the world. The hill field at the UCD research farm was chosen as the representative of good versatile, on which moderate to intensive farming is practised in the drier rainfall areas of Ireland. Nutrient contents in rainfall water samples were measurable, although the site of rainfall sample collection is located in the east of the country far away from the Atlantic Ocean. TDP (total dissolve phosphorus) concentrations in rainwater samples were very low. While DRP (dissolve reactive phosphorus) is the main component in some samples, the DUP (dissolve unreactive phosphorus) is dominant in others. DRP values accounted for less than 50% of dissolved phosphorus in rainfall. Sodium (Na) and Chloride (Cl) ions had the highest concentration value, because most of Irish rain originates from the Atlantic Ocean. Nitrate (NO3) had the highest value 15.2 μg·mL-1 but it associated only with mineral fertiliser spreading time. Key words: Irish rain, acid rain, nutrient content. arabic 6 English 35
Abdulfatah F Aboufayed(5-2012)