This paper presents valuable potential savings from fuel and financial expenses of a steam boiler being studied at Elkhmus power plant, Libya. For this research, a visual basic program was developed and being applied for analyzing the gathered data. Key findings pointed to an acceptable level of savings throughout the entire operations within the studied section of the power plant. The highest level of findings was found to be the increasing of thermal gain along with the total efficiency of the boiler as a result of using the exhaust temperature for heating-up the feed water to the boiler. It was clearly found that the increase of the total efficiency has a direct impact on saving the amount of consumed fuel, and thereby the financial expenses were saved by an average of about 11.6% arabic 16 English 78
Rajab HOKOMA, Nabil M. Muhaisen, Omran Alshogi(1-2014)

ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺎدة اﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻷوﻟﻰ، وﺻﻮرة اﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ، وذﻟﻚ ﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ وﻣﺰاﻳﺎهﺎ اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ واﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ وإﺗﺴﺎع ﻣﺠﺎﻻت اﻹﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻈﺮوف واﻟﺤﺎﻻت، واﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ذات اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺠﻴﺪة، ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ آﺎﻹﺳﻤﻨﺖ واﻟﺮآﺎم واﻟﺮﻣﻞ واﻟﻤﺎء ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ وﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟ ﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ آﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻷهﻤﻴﺔ، ﺑﺈﻋﺘﺒﺎر أن اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻬﺎ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ آﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ، اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﺬي آﺜﻴﺮا ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆدي ﺑﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺼﺪع ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﻴﺮة ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ إذا ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺪر اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة، وأن ﻳﻌﻘﺒﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺒ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﺤﺎل ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت هﺬﻩ . وﻗﺪ أدى واﻟﺘ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﺒﺤﺮي ﻄﻮر ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﻞ إﻟﻰ زﻳﺎدة اﻷهﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺤﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ وﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺼﺤﺮاوﻳﺔ وﺷﺒﻪ اﻟﺼﺤﺮاوﻳﺔ وﻗﺪ ﻣﻠﺤﻮ ﺷﻬﺪت اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ وﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ اﻟﻤﻮاﻧﺊ ﺗﻄﻮرا اﻷ ﻇﺎ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻘﻮد اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ ﺧﻴﺮة، وآﺎن ذﻟﻚ ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺎ ﻣﻦ إآﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻐﺎز، واﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ اﻟﺬي ﺷﻬﺪﺗﻪ اﻟﺒﻼد ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻷﺧﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ، واﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ إﻧﺸﺎء وﺗﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﺗﺨﺪم ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت ﺣﺮآﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ واﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻼت وﺗﻼﺋﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ أﺧﺮى وﻧﻈﺮا ﻟﻺهﺘﻤﺎم اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻷﺧﻴﺮة وﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ، وﻟﻘﻠﺔ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ، وﺣﻴﺚ أن ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺻﺪأ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ أﺿﺤﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺎآﻞ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺎ وﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮهﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﻮاد وﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺬة ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ، وﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ و ﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪة، أ ن اﻟﺘﺪهﻮر واﻹﺟﻬﺎدات اﻟﻤﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺪأ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻠﺨﺺ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻬﺎ أن ﺗﻨﻘﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤ و ﺮ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻲ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﻲ ﻟﻺﻧﺸﺎءات، ﺗ وإﺳﺘﻘﺮا ﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺘﻬﺎ ر هﺎ وأﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ وﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻘﻮد إﻟﻰ إﻧﻬﻴﺎر ﻣﺒﻜﺮ .وﻗﺪ أﺟ ﺮﻳﺖ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ وهﻲ ﺗﺘﻨﺎول ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬهﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻮاﻧﺊ اﻟﻠﻴﺒﻴﺔ، ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻢ إﺟﺮاء ﺑﻌﺾ اﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎرات ﻏﻴﺮ إﺗﻼﻓﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺮا ﻟﺨﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻏﻴﺮهﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻃﺮق اﻹﻧﺸﺎء واﻟﻈﺮوف واﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ .إﺧ وﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺘﻴﺎر ﺧﻤﺲ ﻣﻮاﻧﺊ ﺗﺠﺎرﻳﺔ وﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮل اﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ اﻟﻠﻴﺒﻲ وهﻲ ﻣﻴﻨﺎء ﻃﺮاﺑﻠﺲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎري واﻟﺼﻠﺐ وﻣﻴﻨﺎء ﻣﺼﺮاﺗﻪ اﻟﺘﺠﺎري، وﻣﻴﻨﺎء اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ، ﺑﻤﺼﺮاﺗﻪ اﻟﺒﺤﺮي . وﻣﻴﻨﺎء اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ واﻟﺘﺠﺎري، ورﺻﻴﻒ أﺑﻮآﻤﺶ ،ﺧﻤﺲ ﺣﺎﻻت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاﻧﺊ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ واﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﻢ دراﺳﺘﻬﺎ وﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ أﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ، وﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ إﺟﺮاؤهﺎ، وﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ اﻟﺘﺪهﻮر اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺬي وﺻﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﻴﻪ ﻗﺼﻴﺮة ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ، آﻤﺎ ﺗﺒﺮز اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ وﺗﺘﺤﺮى ﻣﺪى اﻟﺘﻘﻴﺪ واﻹﻟ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ﺘﺰام وﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ، واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻟﻺﺳﻤﻨﺖ w/c ﺑﺸﻜﻞ رﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﻤﺎء وﻧﻮع وآﻤﻴﺔ اﻹﺳﻤﻨﺖ، واﻟﻐﻄﺎء اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ واﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ، ، وﺗﻘﺪم أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ واﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺠﻮدة اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت واﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ.
عبد الله عمر الشكري (2010)

Blended learning is widely adopted as an effective approach to develop the traditional teaching style, and to fulfill the satisfaction of learners, students, and institutions. Therefore, this paper discusses the effectiveness of blended learning with learning management systems (LMS) implications in higher engineering education. Blended learning concepts, components, and challenges are discussed, as well as strategies of implementation are introduced.
• Osama Terfas(1-2021)