The ever-increasing demand for natural products and biotechnology, derived from bees and ultramodernization of various analytical devices, has facilitated the rational and planned development of biotechnology products with a focus on human health to treat chronic and neglected diseases. This study aimed to prepare, characterize and examine the stability and evaluation of the antioxidant and the antibacterial activity of Libyan propolis. Propolis Nanoparticles PNP were prepared using particle size reduction, then Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) at a magnification of X 25000, was used for accurate evaluation of the size distribution of NPs. Three different concentration (10, 5, 2.5 mg/ml) of propolis and nano-propolis powder were tested for their 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. The quantitative antioxidant activity test results using UV Spectrophotometer absorbance at 517 nm. The antibacterial activities of propolis and prepared nano propolis at different concentrations (10, 5 and 2.5mg/ml) were tested on bacterial strain, Klebsiella, human mouth, skin, and surface bacteria using cup cut diffusion method. The findings exhibited that the prepared propolis Nanoparticles (PNPs) were generally non-spherical with a size 100-200 nm. The PNP was a nano-sized particle around 316 nm in diameter. Zeta potential of PNP showed a negative surface charge value (− 48 mV) which was sufficiently high to avoid NPs aggregation. This value represents a stable and dispersed suspension of NPs and disables the tendency of aggregations in a short in period of time. Poly dispersity index (PdI) of synthetized PNP was used as a measurement of the size distribution. PdI values for PrNP were generally uniform with PdI 0.3 indicating monodispersity of the prepared systems. The propolis and PNPs displayed good antioxidant activity with inhibition percentage (77%, 46% and 18%) for propolis and (82%, 66% and 37%) for PNPs. Propolis nanoparticles showed to have more antibacterial effect compared to propolis. Libyan propolis nanoparticles has shown to be potential candidates as antioxidant and antibacterial agent.
sakina Salem Saadawi, Rabia O Alghazeer, Hanin N. Mughrbi, Bushra M. Dakhil, Rokaya O. Amara, Khairi A. Alennabi, Riham M. El-Moslemany, Khadija O. Turkman, Masarra A. Daraweel(3-2022)

Paracetamol is one of the most widely used drug as antipyretic and analgesic for mild to moderate pain. Currently, paracetamol is the first-line choice for pain management and antipyresis. Ion channels are pore-forming proteins that allow the flow of ions across membranes and involved in many cellular processes; drugs acting on ion channels have long been used for the treatment of many diseases. Objective: To estimate the effect of voltage gated ion channel blockers on analgesic activity of Paracetamol and explore the interaction between ion channel blockers and paracetamol on pain behaviour. Materials and Methods: Male albino mice were used. The central antinociceptive activity was determined by hot plate test and formalin test (Phase I; neuropathic pain). Antiinflammatory activity was determined by formalin test (Phase II). Intraperitoneal injection was adopted. Five groups of mice were used. Group 1; control group (1% T80), group 2; treated with (200mg/kg) paracetamol, group 3; treated with different drugs of ion channel blockers, group 4; received standard drugs, Aspirin (200mg/kg) for formalin test (phase II) or tramadol (5mg/kg) for hot plate test and formalin test (phase I), group 5; received combined treatment of ion channel blockers and paracetamol. Results: Pain produced by noxious stimuli (heat and formalin) was significantly reduced by acute administration of paracetamol. Inflammation pain produced by formalin injection was significantly decreased by acute administration of paracetamol. Acute administration of nifedipine showed significant decrease in nociception and inflammation pain. Combined treatment of nifedipine and paracetamol produced antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity but less than the additive effect. Verapamil has no analgesic effect in the two models, and did not change the affect of paracetamol analgesic activity when administered together. Phenytoin produces significant decrease in nociceptive pain using hot plate but not in formalin test (Phase I), and produce significant decrease in inflammatory pain (Phase II). The combined treatment of phenytoin and paracetamol showed analgesic activity less than the additive effect. 4-Aminopyridine produces significant antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity. The combined administration of 4-aminopyridine and paracetamol showed analgesic activity, which is less than the additive effect using formalin test, while paracetamol analgesic activity is potentiated by 4-aminopyridine using hot plate test. Conclusion: Paracetamol has antinociception and anti-inflammatory activity on pain model used (Hot plate test and Formalin test). Ion channel blockers produce antinociception and anti-inflammatory activity. Verapamil has no effect on nociception or inflammation pain and no effect on paracetamol analgesic activity. Nifedipine, phenytoin and 4-aminopyridine interact with paracetamol producing less additive analgesic effect, except 4-aminopyridine in thermal stimuli (Hot plate) is more sensitive compared to chemical stimuli (formalin test – phase I), where potentiates paracetamol action.
هناء مدحت الزقلعي (2014)

Vaccine hesitancy has surfaced globally within the last few decades, and the fears and misconceptions of people about vaccine safety and effectiveness have been identified as key factors for their under-utilization. The familiarity, attitudes, and religious beliefs of the public and of future healthcare practitioners regarding vaccination are extensive areas needing exploration. The present exploratory cross-sectional study was designed, planned and carried out on students enrolled in health science and non-health science courses in one of the public universities of Malaysia. A research instrument that had been formulated, validated and subjected to reliability testing was used to collect the data, which were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. A response rate of80.8% (n = 202) was obtained: the majority were female (n = 161, 79.7%), and had been vaccinated before (n = 190, 97.5%), while a mere 2% did not support vaccination for reasons pertaining to safety issues. The vaccine familiarity score was 10.79±1.4, which significantly differed among the study disciplines (p< 0.001). The mean of the total attitude score was 14.95±1.5, with no significant difference among demographics being noted. The mean of the total religious beliefs score was24.29±2.8and significantly differed based on gender (p= 0.040) and study disciplines(p< 0.001). The current findings showed that the participants were familiar with vaccines and had generally positive attitudes and positive religious beliefs toward vaccination; thus, one can expect that their inclusion in immunization campaigns will generate positive outcomes of the immunization program. Although the current research reported few knowledge gaps, these may be handled with the introduction of a specialized immunization course at an undergraduate level.
Eman Dyab, Ramdan M. Elkalmi, Azyyati Mohd Suhaimi, Ali Qais Blebil, Mohamed Hassan Elnaem, Shazia Jamshed, Márió Gajdács(11-2021)