Rift valley fever (RVF) is an acute vector-borne viral zoonotic disease of domestic and wild ruminants. The RVF virus (RVFV) belonging to the Phlebovirus genus of the Bunyaviridae family causes this disease. Studies have shown that mosquitoes are the vectors that transmit RVFV. Specifically, Aedes and Culex mosquito species are among the many vectors of this virus, which affects not only sheep, goats, buffalo, cattle, and camels but also human beings. Since the 30s of the last century, RVF struck Africa, and to a lesser extent, Asian continents, with subsequent episodes of epizootic, epidemic, and sporadic outbreaks. These outbreaks, therefore, resulted in the cumulative loss of thousands of human lives, thereby disrupting the livestock market or only those with seropositive cases. After that outbreak episode, RVF was not reported in Libya until January 13, 2020, where it was reported for the 1st time in a flock of sheep and goats in the southern region of the country. Although insufficient evidence to support RVF clinical cases among the confirmed seropositive animals exists, neither human cases nor death were reported in Libya. Yet, the overtime expansion of RVF kinetics in the Libyan neighborhoods, in addition to the instability and security vacuum experienced in the country, lack of outbreak preparedness, and the availability of suitable climatic and disease vector factors, makes this country a possible future scene candidate for RVF expansion. Urgently, strengthening veterinary services (VS) and laboratory diagnostic capacities, including improvement of monitoring and surveillance activity programs, should be implemented in areas at risk (where imported animals crossing borders from Libyan neighborhoods and competent vectors are found) at national, sub-national, and regional levels. The Libyan government should also implement a tripartite framework (one health approach) among the veterinary public health, public health authority, and environmental sanitation sectors to implement RVF surveillance protocols, along with an active partnership with competent international bodies (OIE, FAO, and WHO). Therefore, this review comprises the most updated data regarding the epidemiological situation of RVF infections and its socioeconomic impacts on African and Asian continents, and also emphasize the emerging interest of RVF in Libya
Abdusalam Sharef Mahmoud(12-2021)

Sporadic outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) have occurred in Libya for almost fifty years. During the spring of 2013, a countrywide serosurvey was undertaken to assess the level of FMD virus circulation and identify FMD virus serotypes in the country. A total of 4221 sera were collected, comprising samples from large ruminants (LR; n=1428 samples from 357 farms) and small ruminants (SR; n=2793 samples from 141 farms). FMD sero-prevalence of NSP antibodies determined by ELISA were 19.0% (271/1428) with 95% CI (16.9 – 21.0) and 13.5% (378/2793) with 95% CI (12.3 – 14.8) for LR and SR samples, respectively. The sero-prevalence of NSP antibodies in LR was 12.3% and 19.8% for age group < 1 year and ≥ 1 year, respectively (X2= 4.95, P= 0.026), while in SR was 3.7%, 13.6% and 21.3% for age group < 1 year, 1-2 year and > 2 year, respectively (X2= 118.1, P= 0.000). These observed NSP serologic profiles support the hypothesis of an endemic level of FMD circulation in Libya. All positive sera were tested for SP antibodies for O, A and SAT-2 FMD virus serotypes. Serotype O was the dominant circulating serotype followed by serotype A, while evidence of SAT-2 was not found. These data provide an insight into the wider epidemiology of FMD in Libya, and contribute to field and laboratory investigations that during 2013 serotype O (O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage) was isolated from clinical samples collected from the country.
Ibrahim Eldaghayes(1-2017)

تهدف هذه الدراسة للتحقق من تأثير إضافة خميرة الخبز والمضاد الحيوي (اكسي تتراسيكلين) في الأعلاف الملوثة بسم الافلاتوكسين بمعدل 450 ميكروجرام / كجم وذلك على كفاءة أداء الطير معدل هضم العناصر الغذائية كالبروتين ، الدهن ، الألياف والمستخلص الخالي من النيتروجين كذلك شملت الدراسة مدى التأثير على ظهور الأعراض الجانبية للافلاتوكسين من ذلك حجم الكبد، القلب، القلنسوة ، جزء مقطعي من الأمعاء الرفيعة وكذلك حجم كرات الدم المرصوصة ( PCV ) والكيس الزلالي (Borsa). استعملت في هذه الدراسة 400 كتكوت عمر يوم وذلك في تجربتين الأولى 100 كتكوت والثانية 300 كتكوت . قسمت الكتاكيت في كل تجربة إلى خمسة مجموعات (الأولى 5 معاملات في 3 مكررات في 10 كتاكيت) والثانية (5 معاملات في 3 مكررات في 20 كتكوت). الخمسة معاملات عبارة عن معاملة تحكيم هذه المجموعة أعطيت علف تسمين لحم (22% بروتين) أما الأربع المعاملات الأخرى أعطيت الكتاكيت علف تسمين لحم + افلاتوكسين 450 ميكروجرام/كجم ، المجموعة الثانية – علف تسمين لحم + افلاتوكسين + خميرة خبز3 جرام/كجم المجموعة الثالثة- علف تسمين لحم + اكسي تتراسيكلين 100 جرام لكل 1طن من العلف مجموعة رابعة – علف تسمين لحم + خميرة خبز + اكسي تتراسيكلين مجموعة خامسة. أظهرت نتائج الدراسة وجود تضخم في وجود أحجام الكبد نتيجة للتلوث الافلاتوكسينى سواء في المجموعة الثانية والمجموعة الرابعة. انخفضت نسبة حجم كرات الدم المرصوصة PCV وحجم الكيس الزلالي Bursa في وجود الافلاتوكسين بينما ارتفع وتحسن في وجود الخميرة والمضاد الحيوي. انخفض معدل هضم البروتين ، الدهن ، الألياف والمستخلص الخالي من النيتروجين بينما تحسن تحسناً ملحوظاً في وجود المعاملة بالخميرة والتتراسكلين مع بعض. على الرغم من عدم ظهور اختلافات معنوية في أوزان الطيور ولا الاستهلاك الغذائي نتيجة المعاملات إلا أن النتائج أوضحت أن أوزان الطيور انخفضت نتيجة الافلاتوكسين وتحسنت مع المجموعات المعاملة بالخميرة والتتراسيكلين وقد انعكس ذلك على الكفاءة التحويلية الغذائية للطير أيضاً. نتائج الدراسة تؤكد أنه بالإمكان السيطرة والتحكم والتقليل من الأثار المختلفة الناجمة عند تلوث الأعلاف بسم الافلاتوكسين وذلك إذا استعنا بإضافة خميرة الخبز بنسبة 3%. Abstract: This study was carried out to investigate the effects of adding baker yeast (BY), oxytetratracycline (OTC) and both BY + OTC to a control diet containing 450 ug/g of aflatoxin B (C + AF) on performance, digestibility of feed nutrients (protein, fat, fiber and nitrogen free extract), the weights of internal organs (Liver, heart, gizzard, spleen, bursa and small intestine) and on the Packed cell volum to record the alterations of broilers. A total 400 chicks were used in two experiments 100 chicks in the first experiment (5 treatmens X 10 birds X 2 replicates) and 300 in the second one ( 5 treatments X 20 birds X 3 replicates). Chicks were divided into five groups control and four treatments in individual cages and each containing assigned birds. BY, a rich source of protein and vitamin B complex, was mixed into the diets at 3.0 %, as well OTC was mixed into the diet at 100g per 1 ton of feed. Feed consumption, body weight and feed efficiency were recorded weekly. The weight of body organs (liver, heat, spleen, gizzard, bursa and small intestine) were determined at the end of the study. Dead animals were recorded daily. Liver changes were clearly apparent in the C+AF and C+ AF+OTC most of the livers were enlarged. The Packed cell volume (PCV) was decreased in C+AF an increase was observed when BY and OTC was added in the feed. The digestibility of protein, fat, fiber and nitrogen free extract were determined. The digestibility in general was lowered in the C+AF. An improvement in the digestibility was gained in C+ AF+BY, C+ AF+OTC and combination of BY+OTC When compared to the (C+AF) group the weight of bursa, appear to be significantly decreased in the C+AF while the weight was invreased in C+BY+ AF and C+BY+OTC groups. Feed consumption and body weight were not significantly different although it was reduced in group AF. Birds receiving BY + AF, OTC + AF and BY + OTC + AF had a significantly higher body weight than group C+AF. Feed efficiency was better in group C+AF+BY and C+AF+OTC than the others. The findings of this research suggest that BY (3%) can partly counteract some of the toxic effects of AF.
هندة مختار محمد أبوالقاسم (2008)