Carpal conformation is thought to contribute to the frequency of carpal pathology so non-invasive measurement of carpal morphometry would be useful to identify joints at risk. However, there are scant radiographic morphometrical details for the carpals of Thoroughbred (TB) and Standardbred (SB) racehorses even though these breeds differ in the incidence of carpal damage. This study aimed to identify morphometrical similarities and differences in carpal conformation in TB and SB. Thirty carpal dorsopalmar radiographs (DP) were collected from 15 TB and 15 SB. All DP radiographs were at zero degrees or within the acceptable range of rotation. Twelve carpal radiographic parameters were selected and measured on each radiograph. Statistical analysis found significant differences in four carpal parameters. These parameters revealed that the middle carpal joint in SB was significantly more angled distomedially whereas the radial distal metaphysis showed a greater distolateral inclination in TB. The radiocarpal and the carpometacarpal articulations exhibited common features in the two groups of horses. These carpal traits in TB and SB highlight their potential association with loading distribution and pathology. Measuring carpi from untrained and injured horses is necessary to establish breed specific features for the ideal carpal conformation in each of these breeds.
Aiman Hussein Saleh Oheida, Abdulrhman Mohamed Salah Alrtib, Aiman Abdulghader Salim Shalgum, Mansur Ennuri Moftah Shmela, Mohamed A Marzok, Helen M S Davies(4-2019)

The effect of low and high doses of Salmonella enteritidis PT4 (SE) on immunocompetent cells in caecum and spleen of one-day-old chicks was investigated. Subsets of T lymphocytes positive for CD3, CD4, CD8 and B lymphocytes (Bu1b-positive cells) were counted in the caecum after immunohistochemical staining and the relative percentage of these cells in the spleen was analysed using a FACScan cytometer on days 7, 10, 14, 21, and 27 post-inoculation (pi). In the low dose group, the number of CD3+ and CD4+ cells in the caecum had significantly increased at day 10 pi. Both CD8+ and Bu1b+ cells were significantly higher on day 14 pi in this group. In the high-dose group, the number of CD4+ cells had significantly increased at day 7 pi. CD3+, CD8+, and Bu1b+ cells showed prolonged proliferation at days 7 up to 21 pi. Splenic lymphocytes demonstrated significant changes only in the high dose group. The percentage of splenic CD4+ cells was decreased at day 7 pi. A decrease in CD3+ and CD8+ cells was found at day 14 pi in this group.
Abdulatif Asheg(11-2002)

Bacteria; Firmicutes; Bacilli; Lactobacillales; Enterococcaceae; Enterococcus.
Abdulatif Asheg, Eldin Eissa,A.(9-2021)