Medication error reporting (MER) is an effective way used to identify the causes of Medication Errors (MEs) and to prevent repeating them in future. The underreporting of MEs is a challenge generally in all MER systems. The current research aimed to explore nurses’ knowledge on MER by determining their attitudes towards reporting and studying the implicated barriers and facilitators. A total of 23 nurses were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. The saturation point was attained after 21 interviews. All the interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim, and analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Four major themes and 17 sub-themes were identified. Almost all the interviewees were aware about the existence of the MER system. They showed a positive attitude towards MER. The main barriers for MER were the impacts of time and workload, fear of investigation, impacts on the job, and negative reactions from the person in charge. The nurses were knowledgeable about MER but there was uncertainty towards reporting harmless MEs, thus indicating the need for an educational program to highlight the benefits of near-miss reporting. To improve participation strategies, a blameless reporting culture, reporting anonymously, and a simplified MER process should be considered. arabic 26 English 137
Eman Ali M. Dyab(11-2018)

More than 2000 cultivars of Phoenix dactylifera L. are known to grow around the world. Date is an essential fruit in North Africa, and in Libya in particular, it represents an important national food resource. Recently, researchers discovered the medicinal value of different parts of palm tree beside the well known nutritional value of the fruit edible part. In this study five Libyan date seeds (Bestian, Deglet, Abel, Khadrai and Hamrai) were collected from Aljofra region and were screened for phytochemical components and their antimicrobial activity. The phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract of five different Libyan date palm seeds showed the presence of aflavnoids, glycosides, phytosterols, phenolic compound, tannins, and fixed oil, absences of alkaloids and saponine. The susceptibility of bacterial species to five methanolic extracts of Phoenix dactylifera L seeds by cup-cut agar method exhibited Inhibition zones (IZD). That inhibition zone diameters are vary from 15.0 0.3 to 3.02 0.01 against MRSA; 16.040.1 to 6.0  0.7 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa; 14.2 0.1 to 6.00.7 against Proteus vulgaris; 18.3 0.2 to 6.0 0.1 against Staphylococcus aureus; 14.04 0.2 to 2.0 0.02 against E. coli; and 18.0 0.1 to3.2 0.02 against Klebsiella pneumonia. The results of current study shows the antibacterial properties of five Libyan samples of date seed extract against a wide spectrum of bacteria. arabic 21 English 126
Basma Doro, Nahla Labyad, Fadia Gafri(1-2020)

Mosquitoes can transmit more diseases than any other group of arthropods and affect millions of people throughout the world. They act as a vector for most of the life-threatening diseases like malaria, yellow fever and dengue fever. The major tool in mosquito control operation is the application of synthetic insecticides such as organochlorine and organophosphate compounds. Use of many of the former synthetic insecticides in mosquito control program has been limited due to high cost, environmental sustainability, harmful effect on human health, and other non-target populations, their non-biodegradable nature, higher rate of biological magnification through ecosystem, and increasing insecticide resistance on a global scale. One of the most effective alternative approaches under the biological control program is to explore the floral biodiversity and enter the field of using safer insecticides of botanical origin as a simple and sustainable method of mosquito control. This study aimed to evaluate larvicidal and pupicidal effect of five plant extracts (thyme, peppermint and citronella leaf extracts, clove buds extracts and lemon peels extract). Methanol extracts of thyme, peppermint and citronella leaf, clove buds and lemon peels were tested for their larvicidal and pupicidal activity. The standard WHO guideline for larvicides and pupicides evaluation was used. Three plant extract concentrations were prepared (25, 50 and 100 mg/ml) and tested on 20 larvae and 20 pupas (3rd and 4th instars) for each concentration on white enamel trays. Mortality percentage were calculated after 24 hrs. where larvae who doesn’t show swimming movement considered dead. Adult mosquitoes were identified to genus level. Thyme showed the highest % of yield (56%) followed by clove, peppermint, lemon and citronella with 13, 13, 8 and 5 % of yield respectively. The highest mortality % of larvae were by clove with 100% for the three tested concentrations, followed by thyme, lemon and peppermint. Citronella gave no effect as larvicidal agent. In pupicida activity test, thyme showed the highest activity followed by clove. Lemon didn’t show any pupicidal activity. Mosquito was identified as Culex. This result clearly reveals that buds extract of E. caryophyllus and leaf extracts of T. vulgaris and peels extract of C. limonoids could serve as a potential larvicidal agents against the Culex mosquito. The mode of action and larvicidal efficiency of these plant spp. extract should be scrutinized and determined. Besides, further investigation regarding the effect on non-target organism is extremely important and imperative in the near future. arabic 11 English 79
Sakina Salem Mohammed Saadawi, , , (4-2019)