Abstract In practice, most SoCs are multiprocessor systems-on-chips (MPSoCs) because it is too difficult to design a complex system-on-chip without making use of multiple CPUs. MPSoCs are the latest picture of very large scale integration (VLSI) technology. The architecture of the system is generally tailored to the application rather than being a general-purpose chip. This in turn enforces designers to move beyond logic design into advanced computer architecture and parallel processing. In such architectures, cores are integrated via a custom or commercial interconnection network with a controller, timing and a function interface to the external world. Current state-of-the-art SoCs already embeds typical sub-systems such as digital signal processors (DSP), RAM, ROM, MPEG cores.The main goal of this thesis is to design an efficient switch for Fat-tree interconnection networks. In addition a useful survey study for interconnection networks architectures, technologies and routing algorithms was provided. The survey included in some details commonly used switching methods and virtual channel arrangements. The proposed switch structure has been validated by a software model.A set of algorithms and procedures have been developed to facilitate the switch functionality. Those procedures include the control of transmission of the packets from switch input buffer to switch output buffer and transferring packets from switch output buffer to neighboring switch input buffer. While the input/output link controllers take care of buffer assignments to flits (packet) and deals with buffer organization. More over, the algorithms include (i) the routing algorithm which is the least common ancestor routing algorithm, (ii) arbitration algorithm that based on round-robin technique.Therefore in this thesis we have proved the correctness of the functionality of the proposed switch in software model that have been written in C++ language. The obtained simulation results of the switch functionality in fat-tree of 16 nodes definitely declare the correctness of the proposed arbitration scheme as well as showing the efficiency of the routing algorithm. Finally, we can say that the fat-tree interconnection network is very good candidate to implement future NoC connectivity for current and future multiprocessor systems-on-chips (MPSoCs) designs due to its modular, flexible and regular structured design. In turn, these features are suitable as well for VLSI realizations.
أسماء شعبان العصار (2010)

The ever-increasing demand for natural products and biotechnology, derived from bees and ultramodernization of various analytical devices, has facilitated the rational and planned development of biotechnology products with a focus on human health to treat chronic and neglected diseases. This study aimed to prepare, characterize and examine the stability and evaluation of the antioxidant and the antibacterial activity of Libyan propolis. Propolis Nanoparticles PNP were prepared using particle size reduction, then Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) at a magnification of X 25000, was used for accurate evaluation of the size distribution of NPs. Three different concentration (10, 5, 2.5 mg/ml) of propolis and nano-propolis powder were tested for their 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. The quantitative antioxidant activity test results using UV Spectrophotometer absorbance at 517 nm. The antibacterial activities of propolis and prepared nano propolis at different concentrations (10, 5 and 2.5mg/ml) were tested on bacterial strain, Klebsiella, human mouth, skin, and surface bacteria using cup cut diffusion method. The findings exhibited that the prepared propolis Nanoparticles (PNPs) were generally non-spherical with a size 100-200 nm. The PNP was a nano-sized particle around 316 nm in diameter. Zeta potential of PNP showed a negative surface charge value (− 48 mV) which was sufficiently high to avoid NPs aggregation. This value represents a stable and dispersed suspension of NPs and disables the tendency of aggregations in a short in period of time. Poly dispersity index (PdI) of synthetized PNP was used as a measurement of the size distribution. PdI values for PrNP were generally uniform with PdI 0.3 indicating monodispersity of the prepared systems. The propolis and PNPs displayed good antioxidant activity with inhibition percentage (77%, 46% and 18%) for propolis and (82%, 66% and 37%) for PNPs. Propolis nanoparticles showed to have more antibacterial effect compared to propolis. Libyan propolis nanoparticles has shown to be potential candidates as antioxidant and antibacterial agent.
sakina Salem Saadawi, Rabia O Alghazeer, Hanin N. Mughrbi, Bushra M. Dakhil, Rokaya O. Amara, Khairi A. Alennabi, Riham M. El-Moslemany, Khadija O. Turkman, Masarra A. Daraweel(3-2022)

Abstract In this thesis, we study different numerical methods used to solve ordinary differential equations of the first and second orders and where related important definitions are given . We will concentrate first on Differential Equations of the first order and the truncation errors which are derived for various methods and those compared with the expected errors , whenever possible . Two applications were given in science of biology and physics which were studied in details . Finally we draw our attention to ordinary differential equations of the second order where we study initial-value problems and boundary-value problems with the application of the wellknown numerical procedures :the shooting method and the finite difference method . The important conclusion we came up with is that the truncation error is always greater than the expected error for all methods used, and this which was expected .
عفاف احمد الجطلاوي (2014)