Hybrid photovoltaic cells take the advantages of silicon in charge carrier separation and transport and organic dyes in strong complementary light absorption. Photovoltaic responses from a set of hybrid solar cells based on amorphous silicon and phthalocyanine dyes of double- or triple-layer heterojunction structures were investigated, which were found to have thickness dependence with the organic active layers. It was found that the photocurrent contributions from organic layers are limited, although they are strong light absorbers. The main photocurrent contributions are from the silicon counterpart. arabic 13 English 111
Adel Diyaf, Huan Zhao, Zhiqun He, Xiaojin Zhang, Zhi Zhang, John I B Wilson, Anna H N Lind(4-2015)

Abstract The study area is located in and around Umm Ar Razam village, about 50 Km east of Darnah city, north-eastern Libya. In this study many claystone sections were studied. These claystones belong to the lowermost part of Al Faidiyah formation of Upper Oligocene – Lower Miocene age. The studied sections consist of claystone beds ranging in thickness about 10 meters. These bentonitic clays are generally grey to greenish grey in colour, with popcorn – like appearance. They have a waxy character and are exposed sporadically in this area as isolated outcrops. They might be deposited in lagoonal, lacustrine or shallow marine environment. The main purpose of this thesis is to study the origin and to evaluate the Umm Ar Razam bentonitic clays. For example, lithology, mineralogy, the chemical composition, crystal forms and habits, physical properties, industrial uses and treatment will be investigated. The Results showed that these clays consist of the minerals Na- montmorillonite, Kaolinite, and Illite. Non – clay minerals includes quartz, calcite, dolomite, gypsum, halite, muscovite, rutile, sanidine, and tridymite. Moreover, clay mineral fraction studies using the different techniques showed that these bentonitic clays were formed due to in situ alteration of volcanic ash in subaquous environment. Evidences for such an occurrence include mineralogical evidence as the existence of high temperature minerals as sanidine, rutile, and tridymite. The existence of unaltered volcanic ash as seen from SEM photomicrographs also supports this origin. Furthermore, XRF results showed downward depletion of silica right below these bentonitic clays 6 in calcarenite beds of Al Abraq formation. XRF results also showed that the Umm Ar Razam bentonites are in accordance with the American bentonites and the parent material of such bentonites came from basic volcanic ash materials. In addition, the viscosity and the filtration of Umm Ar Razam bentonite is nearly identical with the international bentonite by adding (Soda Ash) and (Na2 SiO3 ) with special treatment method. The cost of the Enhanced Umm Ar Razam bentonite is less than of the imported bentonite cost. Based on the physical and chemical properties these bentonites can be used in many industries especially as building materials and drilling fluids.
فيصل عياد أبو سهمين (2009)

خلال العقود القليلة الماضية بحوث كثيرة تم تقديمها في خاصية التبديل في الحلقات الأولية مع الاشتقاق، وكان من الطبيعي دراسة نتائج مماثلة في قرب الحلقات. وأول دراسة قدمت كانت في سنة 1987 من قبل الباحثان (H.E.Bell and G.Mason)، ومنذ ذلك الوقت الكثير من الباحثين أثروا هذا الموضوع في اتجاهات مختلفة. التشاكل الجمعي يقال عنه تعميم للاشتقاق إذا كان يوجد اشتقاق على حيث أن. For all الهدف الأساسي في هذا البحث هي نظري (9, Theorem 3). ولكن هنا يجب إن نشير إلى إن البرهان المعطي كان غير صحيح، وفي هذا البحث تم تصحيح البرهان وذالك العمل دفعنا إلى تعميم التمهيدية (Lemma 3.2.3) التي من خلاله استطعنا تصحيح البرهان Abstract Over the last few decades, a lot of work has been done on commutativity of prime rings with derivations. It is natural to look for comparable results on near-rings, here we should mention that the first investigation of derivation of near-rings was initiated by H.E.Bell and G.Mason in 1987.Recently, some results concerning commutativity in prime near-rings with derivation that have been generalized in several ways. An additive endomorphism is called a generalized derivation if there exist a derivation of such that for all in. The main object of this thesis is a result stated in [9, Theorem 3], here we should mention that the given proof was not correct. At this point it is interesting to continue our investigation by providing some technical result which enables us to establish the correct proof of this result.
جبريل محمد خير الله البكوري (2011)