Detection of antibodies to avian influenza H9N2 in broiler flocks clinically expressing a respiratory disease syndrome
Abdulatif Asheg, OS Al-Garib,, ِAbdulwahab Kammon(7-2007)

Abstract The use of antibiotics as growth promotors to enhance animal production is banned in many countries around the world due to antimicrobial resistance. There is a need therefore, for new alternatives to antibiotics in medicine and veterinary medicine practices. The antibacterial activity of clove oil and some antibiotics were tested in vitro against three isolates of E. coli {1 avian pathogenic (E. coli 6.2) and 2 non-pathogenic (E. coli 6.1 and E. coli X)}, Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella spp., by disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. All bacteria tested showed intermediate susceptibility to clove oil using disk diffusion method except the non-pathogenic E.coli 6.1. The inhibition zones measured were 0mm, 12mm, 13mm, 15mm and 15mm for E. coli 6.1, E. coli 6.2, E. coli X, Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella spp., respectively. E. coli 6.1 was resistant to Ampicillin, and Lincomycin with multi antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 0.2. E. coli 6.2 was resistant to Ampicillin, Doxycyclin and Lincomycin with MAR index of 0.3. E. coli X was resistant to Ampicillin and Colistin with MAR index of 0.2. Salmonella enteritidis was resistant to Amoxycillin/Clavulinic acid, Ampicillin and Lincomycin with MAR index of 0.3. Salmonella spp was susceptible only to Neomycin but was resistant to 9 out of 10 antibiotics with very high MAR index of 0.9. The MICs of clove oil were 6.25mg/ml for the avian pathogenic E. coli and 3.12mg/ml for non-pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella spp. and 12.5mg/ml for Salmonella enteritidis. It is concluded that clove oil has promising antibacterial activity and more studies are needed to investigate its in vivo activity as alternative to antibiotics in poultry arabic 13 English 85
Abdulwahab Kammon, Ali Almaeyoufi , Abdulatif Asheg(7-2019)

Adhesion and colonization of high (2 × 108 CFU) and low doses (2 × 102 CFU) ofSalmonella enteritidis (phage type 4) was determined in the ceca collected 6 h-4 weeks after inoculation (pi), of 1-d-old White Plymouth Rock orally-inoculated chickens.S. enteritidis was associated with the epithelial surface of the villi in the low-dose group 18 h-7 d pi, the penetration in the cecal lamina propria was observed on day 1 and 10 pi. In the high-dose group, adhesion and colonization was observed in all birds killed 6 h-14 d pi; penetration of the bacteria into the cecal lamina propria was seen 1–21 d pi. Large numbers of macrophage-like cells containingS. enteritidis were observed in the cecal lamina propria on days 3–21 pi. Colonization and migration byS. enteritidis in the intestinal tract of chickens was shown to be dose dependent.
A. A. Asheg(3-2003)