Aims: This article aimed to study the effect of different caffeine concentrations on behaviour and motor activity of mice. Place and Duration of Study: This study took place in Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tripoli, and was conducted between 2017 to 2018. Methodology: The experiment was carried out using 24 male mice (25-30 gm). Plus maze was used for screening antianxiety effect of caffeine. While swimming maze was used to test the antidepressant effect. Descriptive statistics was performed using SPSS (version 22), followed by one sample Kolmogorov-Simirnov test. One-Way ANOVA was applied to compare between groups and Post Hoc test (LSD). Results: At a dose of 100 mg/kg, caffeine produce significant decrease in the duration of immobility using forced swimming maze; while the lower (25 mg/kg) and the higher (200 mg/kg) doses did not produce any changes compared to the control. In plus maze, Caffeine decreases the anxiety measure at the dose used of 100 mg/kg; but did not change the anxiety measure when lower (25 mg/kg) or higher (200 mg/kg) doses used compared to the control. The spontaneous motor activity was decreased significantly after administration of the higher dose of 200 mg/kg; the lower dose (25 mg/kg) showed insignificant increase, while the dose of 100 mg/kg produce insignificant decrease in the spontaneous motor activity. Conclusion: Caffeine has dose dependent effect, in a dose 100 mg/kg it produce anxiolytic and antidepressant like action, while lower (25 mg/kg) and higher (200 mg/kg) doses did not show any changes. Caffeine also produce dose dependent decrease in the spontaneous motor activity, this indicate that caffeine produce CNS depression with higher doses. arabic 12 English 73
Sakina S. Saadawi, Khairi A. Alennabi, Sumaya Baayo, Amera Fares, Najwa Alosta, Suher M. Aburawi(3-2020)

Paracetamol is one of the most widely used drug as antipyretic and analgesic for mild to moderate pain. Currently, paracetamol is the first-line choice for pain management and antipyresis. Ion channels are pore-forming proteins that allow the flow of ions across membranes and involved in many cellular processes; drugs acting on ion channels have long been used for the treatment of many diseases. Objective: To estimate the effect of voltage gated ion channel blockers on analgesic activity of Paracetamol and explore the interaction between ion channel blockers and paracetamol on pain behaviour. Materials and Methods: Male albino mice were used. The central antinociceptive activity was determined by hot plate test and formalin test (Phase I; neuropathic pain). Antiinflammatory activity was determined by formalin test (Phase II). Intraperitoneal injection was adopted. Five groups of mice were used. Group 1; control group (1% T80), group 2; treated with (200mg/kg) paracetamol, group 3; treated with different drugs of ion channel blockers, group 4; received standard drugs, Aspirin (200mg/kg) for formalin test (phase II) or tramadol (5mg/kg) for hot plate test and formalin test (phase I), group 5; received combined treatment of ion channel blockers and paracetamol. Results: Pain produced by noxious stimuli (heat and formalin) was significantly reduced by acute administration of paracetamol. Inflammation pain produced by formalin injection was significantly decreased by acute administration of paracetamol. Acute administration of nifedipine showed significant decrease in nociception and inflammation pain. Combined treatment of nifedipine and paracetamol produced antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity but less than the additive effect. Verapamil has no analgesic effect in the two models, and did not change the affect of paracetamol analgesic activity when administered together. Phenytoin produces significant decrease in nociceptive pain using hot plate but not in formalin test (Phase I), and produce significant decrease in inflammatory pain (Phase II). The combined treatment of phenytoin and paracetamol showed analgesic activity less than the additive effect. 4-Aminopyridine produces significant antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity. The combined administration of 4-aminopyridine and paracetamol showed analgesic activity, which is less than the additive effect using formalin test, while paracetamol analgesic activity is potentiated by 4-aminopyridine using hot plate test. Conclusion: Paracetamol has antinociception and anti-inflammatory activity on pain model used (Hot plate test and Formalin test). Ion channel blockers produce antinociception and anti-inflammatory activity. Verapamil has no effect on nociception or inflammation pain and no effect on paracetamol analgesic activity. Nifedipine, phenytoin and 4-aminopyridine interact with paracetamol producing less additive analgesic effect, except 4-aminopyridine in thermal stimuli (Hot plate) is more sensitive compared to chemical stimuli (formalin test – phase I), where potentiates paracetamol action.
هناء مدحت الزقلعي (2014)

Background: The fat extracted from the nut of the African Shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa) is called Shea butter. It has multiple uses at the local level as it is used in cosmetic products and as a cocoa butter substitute in chocolate industries. It has a high nutritious value and is also a valuable product on the local, national, and international markets, making it the ideal candidate to research and invest in. Aim: This study is a comparative experimental study of the possible burn healing effects between imported South African raw Shea butter and samples in a Libyan market. Method: The control samples were brought from South Africa (Benin traditional markets). A total of 18 different samples were collected from different sale centers in Tripoli, including pharmacies, beauty shops, and spices shops, in addition to one sample brought from Poland. Animal experiment on burn healing effect was carried out on nine male Sprague Dawley (350–400 g) rats aged 6–8 weeks old. After shaving the animal’s dorsum hair, a metal cube was used to create a deep second degree burn wound, and the cube was heated to 100°C for 20 seconds. Medication with Shea butter (control, T1, and T2) was initiated daily for one for these groups by the application of a thin film of the Shea butter samples on the burned areas. On days 1, 3, and 7, the rats were anesthetised and a sample from the burned scar tissue and skin adjacent were evaluated using pathological parameters. Results: The histological study indicates that the use of Shea butter T1 as topical treatment induces an immune response, which enhances the form of the presence of a large number of inflammatory cells in the epidermis and dermis layers. The treatment of burned skin with T2 lasted for 72 hours and it showed slightly significant healing in the normal structure of proliferative granulation tissue with accumulation of fibroblasts and inflammatory cells surrounding the sebaceous glands and hair follicles. Small areas of the epidermis which formed few layers were observed and some hair roots were grown. This was well seen in cases of T1 and T2. Shea butter bought as raw might have a bad effect on burned skin. Conclusion: Shea butter bought as raw might have bad effect on burned skin. On the other hand, the sample from Poland had a therapeutic effect, which was because of the additives such as avocado oil, grape seed oil, and others. arabic 18 English 101
Sakina Salem Mohammed Saadawi, Soad Ali Abdulsalam Treesh, ٍSuhera Mehemed Abdulsalam Aburawi, , , (11-2020)