This research aims to build a model application of decision-making tools to solve problems associated with the contractor selection for Engineering, procurement and Construction (EPC) projects in the Oil and Gas sector. Taking into consideration the complexity of Oil & Gas projects in terms of technical, safety and environmental aspects, it is critical to choose a competent contractor to build quality plants as per scope specifications and within the specified time and budget. This study also covers problems associated with contractor short listing without proper contractors screening and pre qualifications activities, this might result in low cost bidding from non-competent bidders. Because current local tendering practices favors lowest price regardless of quality, this resulted in enormous problems when executing Oil & Gas projects such as projects failures and delays coupled with the absence of interest in our local market from reputed international EPC contractors. Because contractors screening and bid slate selection is a complex exercise that requires large amount of contractors data gathering and the associated analysis to achieve the required bidders short listing. Therefore, a model for contractors screening and selection was developed in this study where each contractor data base are gathered and analyzed. Such data includes discipline, previous activities, financial exposure, geographical locations, works backlogs and engineering capabilities. The Model called Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was designed to improve contractor selection process based on established criteria. In this regard, 48 criteria and categories (mainly contractor capabilities financial, management, technical, resources etc.) were identified. They were mainly drawn from literature reviews, the author previous experience, lessons learned from past projects and NOC’s & IOC’s experience. The 48 categories, and based on subsequent meetings and discussions with several respected local Oil & Gas projects expertise, were divided based on relative importance to contractor selection process into two parts, Primary (7 categories) and Secondary (remaining categories). AHP is a compensatory decision methodology because alternatives that are deficient with respect to one or more objectives can compensate by their performance with respect to other objectives. AHP allows for the application of data, experience insight, and intuition in a logical and thorough way and enabling decision-makers to structure complexity and exercise judgment and allows them to incorporate both Goal Objectives (criteria), Sub-Objectives Alternatives objective and subjective considerations in the decision process. AHP enables decision-makers to derive ratio scale priorities or weights as opposed to arbitrarily assigning them. In so doing, in this research, (MS Excel) was used in addition to (Expert Choice), one of the prepackaged software that was utilized to study the sensitivity of the results and a case study of selecting a contractor. The AHP model is flexible and user friendly and can be applied at different stages of contractor selection process. In addition it can be utilized as a decision-making for a working group by analyzing the inputs of the working group members and highlighting deviations, biases, results and advising corrections. Utilizing AHP model encourages and promotes contracting good practice of national companies and institutions and enhances the decision-making capabilities and provides for a fair guidance while contracting for major Oil & Gas projects in Libya.
حسن محمد الشاوش (2009)

المياه المصاحبة للنفط تمثل أكبر التحديات التقنية و الإقتصادية و البيئية التي تواجه عمليات إستخراج النفط. و نجاح أي حقل نفطي يعتمد و بشكل أساسي على مدى نجاعة الطرق المتبعة للتعامل مع هذه المياه.عند بداية إنتاج النفط في ليبيا كانت المياه المصاحبة تلقى في أحواض (مسطحات) ترابية و بدون أي قانون يضبط هذه العملية، و بمرور الوقت و تقدم عمر الحقول النفطية، تزداد كميات المياه المصاحبة حتى تصل نسبتها إلى 95 – 98% في نهاية العمر الإقتصادي لهذه الحقول، و يصبح وجود تشريعات و ضوابط أمر ضروري لحماية البيئة المجاورة للحقول النفطية من المواد الهيدروكربونية و المركبات الملوثة الأخرى الموجودة في المياه المصاحبة سواءً عالقة أو ذائبة.و قد تم في السنوات الأخيرة دراسة العديد من التقنيات المتطورة للتعامل مع المياه المصاحبة. و في هذه الدراسة سوف يتم تناول و بشئ من التفصيل الطرق و البدائل المتاحة لإدارة هذه المياه تقنياً، إقتصادياً، و بيئياً مع التركيز على المنطقة موضوع الدراسة – حقل جالو 59 شرق النفطي.أظهرت نتائج هذه الدراسة الحاجة إلى ضرورة اتباع شركة الواحة للنفط، بصفتها المشغل لهذا الحقل، سياسة جادة في التعامل مع الإعتبارات البيئية المتعلقة بالمياه المصاحبة، بالإضافة إلى تكثيف الدراسات حول بدائل و تقنيات إدارة المياه المصاحبة للنفط مع التركيز خاصة، وكما بينت الحالات المدروسة، على تقنية فصل النفط عن الماء عند قاع البئر وكذلك العمليات الإعتيادية الأخرى لتفادي إنتاج المياه مع النفط. Abstract Produced water is one of the main technical, economical and environmental problems facing oil production. The success of many oil fields depends upon efficient management of produced water. In the early time of the oil production in Libya, the produced water was disposed into open land water pits, and as a life of the oil field being longer, the amount of the produced water increases until it’s water cut reaches 95 – 98% of total fluid produced (oil and water), then it is said the reservoir reaches the economic limit.Since there are some organic (Hydrocarbons) compounds exist in the produced water as well as other dissolved compounds, polluting the environment is possible due to the way of disposing these waters on the surface, which may cause harmfulness to the human beings and animals, so this operation should be controlled.Recently, a number of commercial and advanced technologies have been developed and applied for the handling of produced water. This study will provide an overview of the management options to deal with produced water technically, economically and environmentally.In this study, Gialo 59East oil field which is being operated by Waha Oil Company has been chosen to evaluate the management options in this field.The findings of this study reached that Waha Oil Company should concentrate on the environmental considerations related to produced water, and deeper investigations and studies for water management options is needed. Downhole oil water separation (DHOWS) and conventional water exclusion operations could be the right options to environmental pollution control in the study area.
ونيس سالم عبدالله (2010)

Boot contracting and its useability scope in implementing construction projects in LibyaThe development of construction projects is considered among the most important indicators of development and progress of society. Numerous project areas that have witnessed development in Libya in recent decades, including construction and building, whether infrastructure projects, productivity or investment projects. As the engineering projects department is one of the most important elements of the success of the project, and is therefore important to develop contractual aspects associated with the urban development stages in the country. Despite, the role posed by construction projects in our country, but they face through their various stages of implementation to a number of problems that may not be addressed in regulations and legislations currently in force, and this call to think of changes or additions to these systems, such as the proposal of new contractual patterns that contribute to the implementation of these projects in the best possible way. Therefore, this research aims to propose concession contracts, which are a range of patterns differ in application depending on the type of project contracted, and these contracts share the notion that they are projects owned but public authorities and funded from outside the general budget, the type of contract selected is the BOOT (Build, Operate, Own & Transfer) contract to be the topic of this study. The stage approached by Libya of the large urban development through the implementation of large construction projects requires the preparation of budgets and human resources, equipment, materials and machinery, and the question before us is whether the implementation requirements available to the general implementation bodies; that includes budgets or human work staffs of engineers, supervisors and workers and suppliers, as well as operators and administrative officials allows for the implementation of these projects? The importance of this research lies in the opening of a broad area both to domestic and foreign investments, and give the opportunity for the private sector to participate in the anticipated urban boom in the use of concession contracts (BOOT (Build, Operate, Own, Transfer)), and these promote the public owner of the project to grant the concession right to a private entity to implement the project and this entity is known as the concession authority, it implements the project and has temporarily ownership of it and operate it for a period of time known as concession period, and that is determined in the contract and at the end of the period the whole facility is delivered fully operational and without any expenses to the public authority the original owner of the project, and the financier could recover the costs of the implemented project through its operation and granting the good investment returns. This research adopts the methodology of the analysis of a sample of administrative contracts to identify the problems encountered in construction projects, causes and classification, and the study has been supported by information compiled by distributing a questionnaire in addition to interviews with the elements of the study sample that was represented in a group of engineers and experts who have been carefully selected to represent most of the public authorities the owners of the projects as well as advisory bodies, after the data collection through methods mentioned above, which is the practical side of the study, information was also obtained through the search in scientific reference sources concerning concession contracts, definition, use and features, etc. this is the theoretical side. It has been analyzed by statistical analysis methods and reach recommendations and proposals to help use concession contracts as a solution to some of the problems facing construction projects in Libya, also reach the preparation of a proposal for a principle concession contract model that can be used by stakeholders in their contracts, with the recommendation to keep research in this field to overcome some difficulties that might result from using this type of contract.
هند أمين شقليلة (2008)