اﻟﻤﻠﺨﺺ ﺷﮭﺪت اﻟﺠﻤﺎھﯿﺮﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﻷﺧﯿﺮة ﻧﮭﻀﺔ ﺗﻨﻤﻮﯾﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺎ ﻻت اﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ واﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ أدت إﻟﻰ وﻛﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﺣﺘﻤﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻮاﻣﻞ ، زﯾﺎدة ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ واﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻼت ﺳﻮاء داﺧﻞ ﻣﺪن اﻟﺠﻤﺎھﯿﺮﯾﺔ أو ﺧﺎرﺟﮭﺎ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻣﻦ أھﻢ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺴﻠﺒﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮر اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ ، اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ أﺧﺮى ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﻤﻮ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت واﻟﺴﻜﺎن ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻄﺮق واﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻼت وإﻋﺎﻗﺎت ھﻮ اﻟﺤﻮادث اﻟﻤﺮورﯾﺔ وﻣﺎ ﯾﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ وﻓﯿﺎت . وﺣﯿﺚ أن ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺔ وﻗﻮع ﻣﺜﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﻮادث ﺗﺸﺘﺮك ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻋﺪﯾﺪة ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻠﮭﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﺘﻔﺎوت ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﻘﺪ وﺟﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻤﯿﺪ وﺟﺎﯾﻜﻮب أن ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت واﻟﺴﻜﺎن ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ، ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮھﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺪة وﺧﻄﻮرة اﻟﺤﺎدث أھﻢ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺔ ﻓﻲ وﻗﻮع اﻟﺤﻮادث ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ دول اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺘﻲ أﺟﺮﯾﺖ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ دراﺳﺎت ﻓﻲ ھﺬا . ﯾﮭﺪف اﻟﺒﺤﺚ إﻟﻰ دراﺳﺔ ھﺬﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮﯾﻦ ﻛﺄﺣﺪي اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻮادث اﻟﻤﺮورﯾﺔ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻨﺎول ھﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮا ،ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻤﺎھﯿﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ ﻻﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻋﻼﻗﺎت ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺎت اﻟﺤﻮادث اﻟﻤﺮورﯾﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ أﻋﺪاد اﻟﻮﻓﯿﺎت اﻷﺻﻠﯿﺔ وﻋﻼﻗﺘﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت وﻋﺪد اﻟﺴﻜﺎن، وﻋﺪد اﻟﻮﻓﯿﺎت اﻷﺻﻠﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت وﻋﺪد اﻟﺴﻜﺎن وﻋﻼﻗﺘﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت واﻟﺴﻜﺎن ﻓﻲ ﺧﻤﺲ ﻧﻤﺎذج ﻟﻺﻧﺤﺪار اﻟﺨﻄﻲ وذﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺒ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﯿﺎ ﺆ ﺑﻌﺪد اﻟﻮﻓﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ . ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻄﺮق اﻟﺒﺤﺚ إﻟﻰ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻮادث اﻟﻤﺮورﯾﺔ وﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﮭﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل وﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﯿﺔ ، ﺑﻨﻤﺎذج ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت وﻣﻨﮭﺎ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﯾﻄﺎﻧﻲ ً ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﯿﻨﺎ ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﯾﺮ ﻣﺎﺗﺘ اﻟﺤﻮادث ﻜﺒﺪه اﻟﺠﻤﺎھﯿﺮﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ إﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ھﺬه. وﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺠﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ اﻟﺸﻌﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺎم اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ً واﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻣﯿﺪاﻧﯿﺎ و -2007م1985 وﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﺮور واﻟﺘﺮاﺧﯿﺺ ﺑﺸﻌﺒﯿﺔ ﻃﺮاﺑﻠﺲ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﺘﺮة ،ﻟﻠﺪورﯾﺎت م، اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺎھﺮة ﻣﺤﻞ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ أﻋﺪاد اﻟﺤﻮادث اﻟﻤﺮورﯾﺔ ﺑﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ أﻧﻮاﻋﮭﺎ" ، إﺻﺎﺑﺎت ﺑﻠﯿﻐﺔ وﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ ،ﻗﺘﻞ وأﺿﺮار " وﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ أھﻢ اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮات اﻟﻤﺘﻔﻖ ، وﻛﺬﻟﻚ أﻋﺪاد اﻟﺴﻜﺎن واﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻤﺎھﯿﺮﯾﺔ ﺧﻼل ھﺬه اﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﺣﯿﺚ أوﺿﺤﺖ اﻹرﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ، ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ وﺧﻄﻮرة اﻟﺤﻮادث اﻟﻤﺮورﯾﺔ ً ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﯿﺎ اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮات ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺪول اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ. وﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺴﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ، وﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺷﺮات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ًﺧﺘﺎﻣﺎ اﻟﺤﻮادث اﻟﻤﺮورﯾﺔ وﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ إﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﮭﺎ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت وﻋﺪد اﻟﺴﻜﺎن وأﺣﺪث اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺖ اﻟﺪرا َﺼُ ﻠً ﺧ ، ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺘﮭﺎ ﺳﺔ إﻟﻰ إﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎت وﺗﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﺗﺮى أﻧﮭﺎ ﺟﺪﯾﺮة ﺑﺎﻹھﺘﻤﺎم ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻇﺎھﺮة ﺧﻄﻮرة اﻟﺤﻮادث اﻟﻤﺮورﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﺎھﯿﺮﯾﺔ Abstract The Jamahiriya has witnessed in the last years a great development renaissance in the economic and social fields, led to a remarkable increase in transportation movement either inside as well as outside the towns of Jamahiriya. Consequently, as a direct result and in addition to others factors, as the increase of the number of vehicles and population, it was one of the negative results of the modern development in the field of roads and transportation was the traffic accidents and their causes like death and handicapped people. As the responsibility of such accidents, many factors were found to participate, it compose as a whole system varies its effect according to hardness and danger of the accident, so each of Smeed and Jakobe found that the number of population and vehicles are one of the most important reasons that cause accidents in may of the world’s countries on which ran their studies. This research aims to study these two variations, as the one the principal factors that cause traffic accidents in Libya. The research studied many mathematical models to derive relationship connecting the principal variables in the study of traffic accidents, describes the original number of deaths and its relationship with the total number of vehicles and population, and the original number of deaths related to all number of vehicles and population and the percentage between the number of vehicles and population in five suitable models for the regression line predict the number of deaths in the future. The research has also studied the special models of economic costs of traffic accidents and its results that has been reached by the help of British and the Moroccian models, trying to estimate the losses of Libya’s caused by the accidents. The field data and the information that collected by the General People’s Committee for General Justice and the General Administration for Patrolling, and the Division of Traffic and Licensing in Tripoli within the period 1985-2007, and which had a relationship with phenomenon of the study, like the number of traffic accidents in its different types of death; simple injuries, dangerous injuries, and damages, and also the number of population and vehicles in Libya during that period. Then by applying the important indications that that used internationally for the study of amount and danger of traffic accidents, the results showed the great increase in most indications compared by the world wide countries. Finally, based on the gained analytical results of indications and the economic losses due to accident results, using the development models, the research has cited appropriate conclusions and recommendations which considered to the important and fruitful to treat the most dangerous feature today, “traffic accidents.
ﺇﺑﺘﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ.ﺑﺮﺑﺎﺵ (2008)

كأي منشأ أخر يتعرض إلى أحمال خارجية وظروف جوية متغيرة مثل درجات الحرارة والرطوبة ومعدل سقوط الأمطار, تظهر أضرار على سطح الرصف الإسفلتي تقلل من كفائتة وأحيانا تجعله غير صالح للاستخدام. ومن هذه الحالة تُعتبر برامج الصيانة الخطوة الهامة والضرورية بعد إنشاء الطريق للمحافظة عليه. ولتحديد أفضل وسائل الصيانة و/أو إعادة التأهيل لا بد من إجراء تقييم لحالة الطريق لمعرفة الأضرار الموجودة بالطريق وأسبابها وجود منهجية لتقييم حالة سطح الطريق تساعد على تشخيص حالة سطح الرصف الإسفلتي بطريقة علمية وذلك ليتم الاختيار المناسب لطريقة الصيانة أو إعادة التأهيل تم في هذه الدراسة البحث والإطلاع على العديد من المراجع والطرق المتبعة في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية وكندا لتقييم حالة سطح الرصف الإسفلتي وتحديد الطرق الأكثر تدقيقاًً والتي أمكن الحصول عليها وقد تم اختيار عدد ثلاث طرق أساسية لهذه الدراسة تم في هذا البحث تطبيق ثلاثة طرق (طريقة نورث كالورينا, وطريقة أوهايو, وطريقة الجمعية الأمريكية للمقاييس واختبارات الموادASTM)) ) لتقييم حالة سطح الرصف الإسفلتي على العديد من القطاعات النموذجية والتي تم اختيارها من عدة طرق بجنوب الجماهيرية ومن خلال النتائج المتحصل عليها لتقييم العديد من الطرق المحلية بجنوب الجماهيرية وذلك باستخدام الطرق القياسية الداخلة بالدراسة تم مناقشة النتائج المتحصل عليها والمقارنة بينها وبين حالة سطح الرصف الإسفلتي الحالي اهتم الجزء الأخير من هذا البحث بتقديم خلاصة للعمل الذي تم في هذه الدراسة وكذلك تقديم مقترح مسودة منهجية لتقييم حالة سطح الرصف الإسفلتي للتطبيق داخل الجماهيرية, ويقدم في الختام توصية بالإجراءات المكملة لهذا البحث. Abstract As any other structures subjected to external loads and environmental changes as temperature, humidity and intensity of rainfall that reduce it is performance and sometimes it becomes uncomfortable and unsafe for use. And programs of a maintenance is important and necessary after construction of the road to keep it convenient for use. An evaluation of road condition must be proceeded before the maintenance to determine the distresses and its causes in order to know the required remedies, to promote level of services for the road and to provide safety and comfortability, and maintain road network and allocate its expenses earlier to elongate its design life. A specific techniques for maintenance should be followed firstly for of asphaltic pavement surface condition to lead to an appropriate choice of the road maintenance or rehabilitation.In this study, several methodologies were studied and reviewed such as the methods used in the United States and Canada for the evaluation of the asphaltic pavement surface condition and methods with the most details and that could be obtained where have been selected (North Carolina, Ohio, and American Society of standards and testing materials method (ASTM)).The selected methods were applied to evaluate the asphaltic pavement surface condition on many typical sections of roads in dry and hot region in south of Great Jamahiriya.From the results obtained for the evaluation of many local roads in south of Great Jamahiriya, using the selected methods in this study, have been discussed and compared with the existent condition.A summary of the work done in this study and the proposal of draft methodology for evaluation of asphaltic pavement surface condition to be applied in Great Jamahiriya, and finally present recommendations for complement actions of this research.
الهاشمي محمد عبد النبي (2010)

Abstract The stiffness modulus of asphalt in hot arid climatics was found to increase rapidly with pavement age and loading rate this reflects the rapid hardening and a complex change in the composition of the asphalt binder occurs due to high thermic susceptibility of the asphalt binder material in hot arid zones of sever climate.Besids this there is an increase in traffic heavier loads and higer tire pressures, the chemical composition of asphalt binders material and their rheological and visco-elastic properties also having a great role on the performance of these the asphalt binder material, a higer performance pavement requires asphalt that is less susceptible to high temprature ruttings or low temprature cracking and having sufficient bonding to stones aggregates. The durability of asphalt concrete is greatly influenced by the enviromental changes during the year between hot and cold tempratures and btween day and night high temprature can soften the asphalt making the mix more suscebtiple to rutting on the other hand low winter tempratures can increase the stiffness of asphalt reduce the flexibility of the asphalt concrete inducing fatique failure and serious cracks which adversly affects the pavement performanance the problem accetuated in hot arid site The loss of flexibility of the binder material will make the asphaltic mix susceptible to shrinkage cracking in the large temperature ranges that occur in these climates. For many years, researchers and development chemists have experimented with modified bitumen’s, of diffrent types . In the last thirty years many researchers have looked at a wide spectrum of modifying material Research continues in the quest to find materials that could enhance the properties of asphalt mixes thus enhancing pavement performance and reducing road maintenance costs. Addition of polymers has become common practice in several countries, with the main objective is improving flexibility and reducing thermal susceptibility of modified asphalt binders. There is growing interesting in asphalts modification with crumb rubber recycled from used tires, since this constitutes an important unique properties for asphalt improvement. The rubber used to produce tires comprises a mixture of different components, of valuable engineering characterstics, when crumb rubber is incorporated. The behavior of modified asphalt-rubbers depends on several factors, such as, the origin, fabrication process and grain size, the type of base conventional binder used in the mixture, temperature and time of the mixing process or digestion., a conventional base binder material having a penetration grade of 60/70 was mixed with rubber tires of (1-10 % by asphalt weight contents, was mixed for variable digestion times. The binder-rubber mixtures, produced using the wet process, were subjected to conventional tests, such as, penetration, softening point, Brookfield viscosity. The objective of the present work was to investigate the main characteristics of crumb rubber that affect the physical and the flow and the mehanical properties of modified binders. The results and findings from the study shows that the rubber additive can be added up to 5 % by asphalt weight did improvements in asphalt intrinsic characerstics
إبراهيم سعد ابودينة (2010)