Ten vinegar samples were collected from the Libyan local market in the city of Tripoli. The elements have been investigated were:As, Pb, Cu, Fe and Zn. The samples were treated and prepared according to Indian standard IS 14703-1999, and the measurements have been done by using inductively coupled plasm – atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) available in the Libyan Petroleum Institute. The analysis indicated that the concentration of Arsenic of all the samples was less than 0.02mg/kg whereas, the concentration of lead is less than 0.03mg/kg. The concentration ranges of Cu, Fe and Zn were 0.11-0.59mg/kg, 0.72-2.67mg/kg and 0.08-0.28mg/kg respectively. The concentrations of the elements AS, Pb, Cu, Fe and Zn are within the limits of a variety of standards such as Libyan, Indian and Pakistani ones. arabic 21 English 134
ABUBAKER A BASHIR ATRROG, RAGIAB ALI MOKHTAR ISSA, ِAburawi Mohammed Aburawi Algornazi(11-2020)

Abstract: Rheological properties of Gum Habeil collected during three seasons had been studied. Intrinsic viscosity of aqueous solution of Gum Habeil was calculated by Fedor's equation. At a low concentration of aqueous deacetylated gum solution, the G' (viscoelastic) was appeared higher than G'' (viscosity) at frequency ranged from 1 to 10 Hz, but with increases concentration of deacetylated gum solutions G'' line was trend to appear higher than G' line at low frequency region. However, a crossover of G' and G'' lines was observed as the frequencies increased to 1.26, 3.97, and 9.99 Hz for 1.5, 3, and 5% w/w of gum solutions respectively. The concentrated crude gum dispersions 12.5 and 15% w/w were exhibited viscoelastic behavior, in contrast the 10% w/w of crud gum solution in distilled water appeared G'' higher than G' with the crosslink points at the middle of frequency range. The critical concentration C* of deacetylated gum solutions in deionized water, in sodium hydroxide alone, and in alkali with addition salt were determined to be 2.34, 2.37, and 2.41 g/dl respectively. The effect of temperature on rheological behavior was also studied. arabic 8 English 57
Aborawi M. Elgornazi, M. H. Awad, Nouri M. A. Soleiman(2-2020)

Twenty-five authentic samples of Prunus amygdalus gum samples were collected from five different locations in northwest of Libya. Different physicochemical methods were used to characterize this type of gum samples. The mean values of the moisture ranged from 12.55 to 14.93%, ash mean values 4.03 to 4.62%, pH 3.89 to 4.40, W.H.C 52.85 to 60.0%, and O.H.C 136.2 to 156.3%. Solubility of Prunus amygdalus gum showed that it had low solubility in distilled water with the mean values ranged from 20.01 to 35.40%, but it dissolved perfectly in alkali media where solubility increased to 96.3% in 0.05 M Na2CO3. The study exhibited that the mean values of cationic concentration in %(w/w) such as calcium was ranged from 0.552 to 0.585, potassium 0.402 to 0.505, iron 0.0975 to 0.1125, and sodium 0.064 to 0.079, which indicates that Ca has the highest concentration of metallic ions present. Atomic absorption method indicate that all samples contain traces of elements, Li, Cr, Mn, Ni, Zn, Pb, Hg, and Cd. The main functional groups recorded from FTIR spectrum included bands at 3293 cm-1 (O-H in carboxylic group), 1601.77 cm-1 (C=O, amide N-H bend, and C=C), 1357.53 cm-1 (CH3-, and C-O-H in- plane bending vibration), and 1025.74 cm-1 (C-O stretching). arabic 16 English 99
Aborawi M. Elgornazi, M.H. Awad, Nouri M.A. Soleiman(2-2021)